A White Man s Burden, And Achebe s Things Fall Apart

In history, colonization was a truly popular tradition practiced by great and powerful empires in order to extract and retrieve all materials necessary to support their homeland. However, in order to achieve such sense of commerce and well-being, those colonists who had the power, had to colonize weaker and far less advanced societies. Great powers such as Britain and France would then travel to these societies and implement their rule in order to gain prosperity. Some, those who benefited from colonization, felt that the practice of colonization was an obligation to better the â€Å"uncivilized,† societies and help them advance, but the emotional and physical hurt that came from colonizing outweighed the positive aspects. The intention was good, but the manner in which colonization was carried out was poor. This topic is immensely controversial that pieces such as Kipling’s poem, â€Å"A White Man’s Burden,† and Achebe’s â€Å"Things Fall Apart,â €  have been written in order to support or go against colonization. But despite much debate, colonization has been a tradition that has caused those regions being colonized much struggle and negativity. The novel Things Fall Apart, speaks of the life of Umuofia2, a fictional Nigerian village, and its traditions before colonization and then the changes it faces at the initiation of colonization. It is based around the life of a man named Okonkwo before the colonists come and the struggles he faces when they arrive. Just as all other regions, UmuofiaShow MoreRelatedThe Book Things Fall Apart Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesThe book ‘Things Fall Apart† highlights many different aspects of African culture and shows us how incredibly bright, beautiful, harsh, violent and mystical the lives of Nigerians were. In this text several concepts will be questioned and analyzed, such as the importance of the character’s daily life and rituals, the language used throughout the writing, comparing how they deal with problems and solving them, determining whether or not the text contains a local or grand narrative, and if thereRead MoreThings Fall Apart and Universal Appeal951 Words   |  4 PagesThings Fall Apart-Universal Appeal Confronted with a global conscious filled with hazy, negative conception of the African reality, appalled with such one sided works as Heart of Darkness and Mr. Johnson, Chinua Achebe determined in 1958 to inform the outside world about Ibo cultural traditions1. One can appreciate then, Achebe s inclusion of universal themes and concepts in is novel as a means of bridging the cultural gap with his audience and reiterating that Africans are in the end, humanRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1410 Words   |  6 PagesTeddy Manfre Ms. Blass ENG 209-001 April 24, 2017 Things Fall Apart In 1958, Chinua Achebe a famous Nigerian author publishes one of his most famous novels Things Fall Apart. The novel takes place in a Nigerian village called Umuofia. During the time that this novel is published Nigeria is being criticized by the Europeans for being uncivilized. In response, Achebe uses his brilliance in this novel to express the valued history of his people to his audience. His focus in the novel is on the pre-colonizedRead MoreChinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe classic African literary tale Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, is a brilliant account of historical African culture and the destruction colonialism can cause upon such cultures. As the reader follows the narrative and complexity of the characters through the novel, a sense of pride, trust, and faith in history emerges. Yet, with the introduction of colonialism the characters must learn to embrace and adapt to a new culture and set of beliefs or face ter mination from society. TheRead MoreThe And Its Effects On The Culture1333 Words   |  6 PagesPut yourself in this situation: It s a particularly sunny day, and no cloud in the sky. It s a normal day to you, and your going about your business. Carrying out your everyday deeds, believing in the most precious things that you hold to yourself, and then something strange occurs. A shadow of change swoops over your head. Your everyday priorities don’t matter anymore, and your greatest beliefs and goals become your greatest burden. But this imaginary situation is just a mere reality to thoseRead MoreNegative Effects Of Colonialism1253 Words   |  6 Pageshumanities and eventually stripped every aspect of their originality. Civilizations are intended to have firm foundations based on their own morals and values. This movement of dominant invasion caused culture s firm ground to be shaken, eternally. Colonialism only results in societies being torn apart and stripped because of the diversion of newcomers. They do not realize it at the time but eventually, they will begin to realize the disatisfaction they have obtained because of the changing in their customsRead MoreChinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay examples1048 Words   |  5 PagesChinua Achebes Things Fall Apart The last chapter of Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart concludes with the sentence: He had already chosen the title of the book, after much thought: The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger. This refers to the District Commissioners chosen title for a book he has written that would have the African people, the Igbo tribe specifically, as the main subject. From the title itself, one can say that the writer has an unfavorable bias againstRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1851 Words   |  8 Pageschoice and styles are critical not only to the reader’s understanding of the text but to his appreciation as well. How language is effectively manipulated in their writings enhances the reader’s valuing of the works. The selected novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a representation of Igbo culture and their language. It explores the life of an Igbo tribe at the time of when colonization hit Africa. It could be considered as a post-colonial text, as the protagonist of the story and the otherRead MoreAnalysis Of Jon Lee Andersons The Distant Shore1215 Words   |  5 Pagestheir existence through the ingenuity of economic advancement. In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the Ibo people slowly experience their own cultural deterioration not only through religious burden, but also through the establishment of labor for a purpose of promoting the circulation of currency (Achebe 150). Instead of allowing the persistence of a polytheistic, down-to-earth, and culturally rich aesthetic of humankind, the white man’s triumph ceases the potential of both respected and appreciativeRead MoreImapct of Colonialism on Africa889 Words   |  4 Pagessome conspiracy or intended act that has obscured the will of Africa or maybe it s a view of a time gone by and will pass like all times do. Africa will come into its own as the continent of major commodities, wealth and cultural brilliance. Africa will blossom as its political ship is corrected and steered toward harmony rather than despotism. â€Å"Accidental Empires - NYTimes.com.† Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart: A Novel. 1994th ed. Anchor, 1994. Print.    â€Å"Africa from Colonialism to Cold War:

Tremaine Neverson Free Essays

â€Å"Success can be a dangerous drug. It definitely changes people and it can take you to another world if you allow it to. † These are famous words form popular singer, songwriter and activist Tremaine Aldon Neverson. We will write a custom essay sample on Tremaine Neverson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Born November 28, 1984, Tremaine is also known as Trey Songz. Searching for himself, he gained a love for music and began singing at the age 14. At the age of 15, he met a producer by the name of Troy Taylor, whom started his skyrocketing success as a singer. In 2003, he released his first album, and then began writing music for other artists. He has five different albums in which he considers to take his fans on five different journeys of his life. From BET to Grammy awards, Trey Songz is more than just an artist. He has used his gift of music as the launching pad to various philanthropic and entrepreneurial endeavors such as the â€Å"Angels with Heart Foundation† and the â€Å"Songz for Peace Foundation. † Through his â€Å"Angels with Heart Foundation,† Trey encourages to give back and to have a positive impact in their community through community service with local charities and random acts of kindness. Through his â€Å"Songz for Peace Foundation† he aims to curb the violence in youth. I admire Trey’s dedication to music. It is something he loves and he always pleases his fans. He is also promoting positive messages through each of his foundations. As an artist, he’s only obligated to deliver music and videos to his fans, but he does so much more for us. I am all for community service and giving back to the community, so just for that I admire him. To find someone who satisfies your taste in music and your taste in activism means a lot to me as a fan and a young adult. In closing, I would like to dedicate this special tribute to Tremaine Neverson on this very special day, Happy Birthday Trey! How to cite Tremaine Neverson, Papers

Assessing the Essence of Teh Eclectic Paradigm free essay sample

Aspects frequently highlighted include global media and telecommunications, global brands, worldwide production and integrated financial markets. At the forefront of these phenomena are Multi National Enterprises (MNEs), benefiting from the opening of markets across the globe, and from advances in computing and internet technology, which make it possible to link far-flung activities in global networks. Considering these elements, globalization can further be defined as the process of increasing and deepening interactions between individuals and organizations across the globe, facilitated by advancing communications technology and the opening of markets to trade and investment. Theories of International production have attempted to explain the convergence towards a globalised world, while addressing the different types of international expansions. These theories have focused on MNEs and Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs). FDI can be defined as investment by an organization in a business in another country, with a view to establishing production in the host country. While Raymon Vernon is known for his theory of Product life cycle, Stephen Hymer laid emphasis on the location and ownership advantages of countries, which helped in attracting FDI from MNEs. John Dunning incorporated Internalisation to the analysis of Hymer, which became known as the Eclectic Paradigm (or OLI Paradigm), one of the most comprehensive theoretical explanations with specific focus on FDI. Still the Eclectic Paradigm is being challenged in the modern globalised world, as it fails to take into account the implications of existing modes of entry of MNEs, as well as the advantages of Alliance Capitalism. It is being discussed further in this report. Theories of International production have greatly facilitated the understanding of the globalization phenomenon. Different theorists at different time intervals attempted to justify the expansion of MNEs across the globe. Hymer (1970) was the first one to propose that MNEs are institutions of international production rather than international capital movement. Still he ignored the natural imperfections attributed to transaction costs in an imperfect market. In today’s world, with the proliferation on Internet use, imperfections like bureaucratic hurdles and control of distribution systems (Bain, 1956) are absent. Even the imperfections like price determinism and information transfer are shrinking. Thus it can be argued that Hymer’s major contribution relating to the importance of structural market imperfection in determining FDI activity does not hold good for corporations, which are expanding globally through e-channels (for instance). Vernon (1966) came up with the International Product Life Cycle (IPLC) theory, which explained the locational dimension of FDI. According to him, production first starts in the home country fro local markets, and exporting is used to attain foreign markets. As the product matures and production is standardized, production moves to less developed countries to reduce labour costs. The basic assumption of the IPLC is that knowledge is not equally and universally distributed (Vernon, 1966). This assumption, however, is not applicable in today’s world, as Vernon (1979) himself admits that there is a more perfect distribution of knowledge across the globe. He argues that firms who are global scanners follow a different trend than that of the IPL approach, because such firms have the ability to effectively scan global markets for the best factor endowments. Though, a lot has been discussed and said on the theories of International production, yet none of the approaches (Hymer, Vernon, Barney) simultaneously explains the importance of resources heterogeneity, entrepreneurial competence, network governance and the rise of alliance capitalism. Thus, an overarching analytical framework is needed, that can synthesize these disparate views and account for the importance of location- based advantages and ownership advantages. Such a framework was developed by Dunning (1973; 1988; 1993) known as The Eclectic Paradigm. It is a framework that explains the growth of MNEs by bringing together disparate theories. According to Dunning, the Eclectic Paradigm is less of an alternative theory of International production and more of a framework that synthesizes the essential and common characteristics of each main theoretical explanation on the growth of MNEs. For more than two decades the Eclectic Paradigm (EP) remains a widely used general framework for studying the growth of MNCs and Dunning has also continuously revised and extended the EP to explain changing facets of MNCs. Dunning (1988) has re-stated that the EP is robust and general enough to incorporate future developments like renewed the focus on entrepreneurship and the emergence of global networks (Dunning, 1995). The Eclectic Paradigm explains that the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and growth of multinational corporations (MNCs) is linked to the extent and nature of ownership-specific advantages of the firm, the extent and nature of location bound endowments, and the extent to which markets for these advantages are best internalized by the from itself. In short, it is the configuration of these Ownership (O), Location (L) and Internalization (I) advantages that determines a firm’s international production and growth. In a somewhat updated version, Dunning (1988) describes the three essential factors for international expansion: * Ownership Advantages are unique competitive or monopolistic advantages, typically developed in the home market, that permit the firm to compete successfully in overseas markets. These factors are of two types: Asset Advantages arise from proprietary ownership of unique assets protected by structural market distortions, and Transactional advantages provide a unique capacity to capture value from the transaction benefits of owning a network of assets located in different countries. * Location factors, tied to the local foreign market, which make production in the host country preferable. These are immobile factors, such as cheaper labour, high shipping costs, local image or trade barriers, that can be combined with transferable intermediate ownership assets to generate superior products. Internalisation factors, typically related to the industry, produce transactional market failure in transferring ownership advantages to foreign markets. This also explains the naming of the EP as the OLI configuration as well. The eclectic model, then, pulled together the key elements of neo-classical theory – location, industrial organisation theory – monopolis tic advantage and internalization theory – transactional efficiency. It used this eclectic mix to produce an internally consistent, compelling and testable model of the multinational firm and its strategic processes.

Sociology Off Track Classroom Privileges for All

Educator Dr. Bernndette Anand communicates with students from diverse parts and each class within their school is weighed up by their race, sex, and intellectual record. The tracking experience they underwent permits students to come together in an organization where all individuals can be heard and are accountable for attaining greater than average scholar principles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology: Off Track Classroom Privileges for All specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As suggested in the study by Ballantine and Hammack, â€Å"sociology of education as a field is devoted to understanding educational systems†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2); this is why multicultural society should educate students with the help of multicultural setting created at schools and educational institutions of other levels. Students discuss, how being a minor race, they were not good enough to take on progressive classes, and the end resu lts will show what they had argued (ELC381site part 1). The concerns within their high school was over the years minority students are identified as underachievers and not recognized or put in a more challenging class like white students who are put in to these classes automatically. Furthermore, in order for these minority groups to get into these classes that students are accomplishing because of skin color they must take a look at what they can do to discourage these discrepancies and offer all students a better and more fairer prospect in their own education. Tracking was intended for the system to look at all students more equal because of their grades and accomplishments rather than their backgrounds and to understand that whites have been recognized as more apt to be admitted in to these classes and prejudice traditions are still in effect and can do to break that cycle. Applying tracking to literature for students to read and discuss concerns openly helps them open up and ad dress their relative concerns, and pupils can strategize opinions. For instance, in the study by Perez, students are described with regard to their numerous identities but encounter problems related to education as Penelope who cannot go to college because of her status (3-5). Individuals admit they know they are equal in the institution and have the right and are as apt as the next student to accomplish the same grades regardless of history and the color of their skin. The connection between distinct identities, human status, and tracking is minorities feel they are negatively detached when separated because of their educational performance and feel they are not promoted because of statistics and history. They agree when students are tracked scholastic levels are also taught on a more advanced echelon so it increases their ability to learn and that these strategies are more hopeful and thriving regardless of grades and learning degree. One purpose of reversing this was to educate s tudents of all backgrounds that skin color and names are only skin deep and to eliminate labeling because of what they look like. Furthermore, each culture is discussed in depth for other ethnicities to understand one another and how they are only uniquely different and all in all the same.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Educators were making an effort to discuss who they are and how important it was for them to be involved in social issues their students face, and by providing cultural knowledge it reveals the only differences in them is physical because one is as capable of succeeding as the next. Culture is unique and will help them to understand that all high school students have the opportunity and can over achieve regardless of where they actually come from. Works Cited Ballantine, Jeanne H., and Floyd M. Hammack. The Sociology of Education: A Systematic Analysis. 6th ed. New Y ork: Pearson, 2008. Print. ELC381site. Off Track – Classroom Privilege for All- Part 1 of 2. YouTube. 2010. Web. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcXLfTyioMg. Off Track – Classroom Privilege for All- Part 2 of 2. YouTube. 2010. Web. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4PWK1-D2lYfeature=related. Perez, William. We ARE Americans: Undocumented Students Pursuing The American Dream. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, 2009. Print. This essay on Sociology: Off Track Classroom Privileges for All was written and submitted by user V10let to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Abusive Relationships Essay Example

Abusive Relationships Essay Example Abusive Relationships Essay Abusive Relationships Essay The scary thing about a controlling marriage is that a lot of the time, we dont even realize were in one. When youre in love with someone, its sort of Like putting on a pair of rose-colored glasses you see the happy things, the things you want to see. Its easy to Ignore the ugly things ? for example. That your spouse might be a little too controlling. You dont realize the full impact on how it degrades you and devalues your identity, until it has destroyed you enough to where you feel you cannot survive without the abuser. Research has shown that the majority of emotionally controlling individuals have also battled addictions currently or in their past. That Is consistent with the cycle of controlling nature. They cannot control their situations and be abusive so they turn to addictions to numb the need for control. The controller feels they can control their addictions too. As the relationship progresses, you find yourself altering your behavior to accommodate him, or to please him. Then, as it moves forward, more warning signs start to appear. Emotional abuse can take on many faces. It can begin with your partner becoming irritable at the smallest of action, and turning it into your fault. The key word here is fault?as In It Is always YOU that makes HIM direct the anger to you. When you try to understand this behavior and talk It out, he wants nothing to do with accepting any responsibility for the debate that ensues. The usual lines will be somewhat like this; Youre not happy with me are you, what is it I am doing to make you unhappy, why do you not like to be around me ; just to list a few. Do not answer these questions, walk away. They are usually questions asked to trigger you to respond by saying, l am happy dear That feed his controlling ego. Gradually, your communication will deteriorate because anything that you say will force an adult accusations, and blame anything but the true source, himself. Sometimes we arent able to realize the impact of this emotional abuse until we get an outside perspective, that is, when someone recognizes it, or when we leave it and look back. Dealing with a controlling spouse isnt easy and, unfortunately, it can turn into a mentally and physically abusive relationship way too easily. It may take a decade or two before physical abuse happens, but eventually if you try to stand up for yourself it will and always does lead to that. When a controlling individual feels they are about to lose what they abuse, they retaliate with anger and vengeful accusations in an attempt to make you feel that you are the problem. It is their only means of coping because they cannot truly accept responsibility for their behaviors. There are several signs listed below that indicate your husband is emotionally and mentally abusive and too controlling and if he is, get yourself out of there before its too late. If you can recognize most of them, and are experiencing at least three, you have a serious robber that requires professional help from a psychologist. However getting a controlling spouse to seek therapy and be able to accept he is the problem, then your best option is to leave the relationship, because if he cannot accept he is the problem, therapy will do no good. 1 . Are you frequently misunderstood, and your intentions looked on as if they were considered dishonorable or manipulative? Do you end up feeling perplexed and frustrated? 2. Do you feel as if there is something wrong with you, you feel bad and cant figure out why? 3. Does your husband almost always disagree with you, and the smallest of concussions evolve into a heated debate and you Just give up in frustration? 4. Do you feel obligated to give in Just to keep the peace in the relationship? Are you continually finding yourself fighting back what youd like to say, being afraid to have an opinion of your own? This will over time begin to cause you to lose your identity, your personal feeling of self-ownership. 5. Does he seem bothered when you do things without you and subtly show his discontent by repeatedly questioning what you did to try and trip you up to the point even you become confused with what you did, and get frustrated? This might be the biggest sign of a controlling husband that he doesnt want you to do anything when hes not involved. Just because youre married doesnt mean you guys cant do stuff on your own sometimes. Your husband shouldnt be getting suspicious of you for hanging with friends without him, going to party if hes not around or innocently talking to guys without him there. That is abusively controlling! If he cant let you have any time to yourself, thats a sign that he wants to be in control of what youre doing all the time. Its not fair, and is most likely because he has no true friends he an hang out with and do his own thing, because if he did, he would not be around to 6. Does he show signs of always needing to see your stuff and dig through things to get a sense of what you might be doing that he doesnt know about? Does he try to see your text messages? Does he try to look at your Faceable and see what male friends might like your comments or postings? Its a sign that he doesnt trust you and its also a way for him to check up on you basically to make sure youre not doing anything he doesnt approve of. Your personal stuff is private and not for your husbands right to go through. Dont ever feel like you have to share every part of your life with him. That is control. It has nothing to do with trust, it has to do with his insecurities, and lack of trust in himself based on his past and actions that are questionable. 7. Does he seem to dislike all of your friends and the people they are in relationships with? A controlling guy will usually hate on everyone else in your life because he wants to be your number one, all the time. He will make comments about your girlfriends spouses looking at you the wrong way, or start accusing you of being with them, because of the way you look at one another. He will become Jealous of your friends and manipulate you to the point you either lose your friends or quit associating with them Just to keep the peace. They will get to the point they become so controlling and hate all of your friends so much that he slowly convinces you to stop talking to every single one of them. Thats not okay. In a relationship, you should both be able to have your own friends. Most likely he has no true friends himself, because he has no sense of handling anything he cannot be the controlling person in. 8. Do you often give into sex and your partners sexual demands Just to keep peace? even if you dont want to? Most women do. That is because it is easier to give in to the demand than deal later with the questions and accusations of seeing or being with someone else. It is a manipulative tool used by controlling and abusive spouses. Although sometimes you may want intimacy, but a controlling person can only be intimate enough and please you enough to meet their need. That is why you find yourself left behind in the enjoyment process of intimacy, because it is all about when they will get their Jollies, even when they make false attempts to please you on occasion. 9. Does he always want to be with your 2417? Away, isnt it so sweet when your husband wants to hang out every day and text every minute when youre not together? Jim, sort of, I guess? Theres a fine line between this being cute and this being controlling. In the beginning of the marriage, its cute. When things get more serious, its not always as cute. If a guy insists on being with you or talking to you 2417, being able to talk to you when apart and repeatedly calling until you answer, and stating it is because they were concerned for your well being, it is bullwhip. It means he wants to always know what youre doing, and in several states is considered stalking. At that point, you need to be like, chill or I am out of this marriage Everyone needs a little 10. Can your partner laugh at his own mistakes, or even admit his own weaknesses and shortcomings R is he too busy focused on why you make his life miserable? Most controlling and abusive husbands cannot acknowledge their weaknesses because that requires they recognize they are the root of the marital problem. 11. Does he make comments and basically tell you what you can wear or do? Your husband should never tell you what you can and cannot do. A marriage license is not a license of ownership. He shouldnt be saying, you cant wear that or you cant go there. You are an individual, you are not property to be owned or bossed around. If you can answer yes to at least four of the above, youre in a controlling, unhealthy abusive relationship. Sometimes it takes decades to comprehend, but you need to have them get help, or get out, before it destroys your identity and who you are. It will become like Stockholm syndrome, you will begin to think this is the norm, and lose any sense of individuality. Continually having someone pointing out your alts, the faults of your family members or others and accusing you of things that are false about you, and you are Jumping through hoop after hoop trying to fix yourself to accommodate the relationship is a futile and wasted effort. They are never going to change. You will never be what he wants you to be, even if you do manage to make things right?down the road there will be contradictions?and all the things youve made right will be wrong. There are serious emotional issues with your partner that stem so far back into his life, and the only way that he is able o validate his life is through the total control and belittling of you through emotional games. You ask yourself, Is this love? No. But it certainly presents itself as love initially Until the internal monster emerges. As tough as it may be, if you value you and your own sanity, stop. The only person you can fix in this relationship is you. Here are a few good resources in recognizing abusive relationships that explain abuse does not necessarily involve physical abuse, and how widespread this type of abuse is in America, and how rampant it is among spouses of military members as ell. Not all emotional abuse involves shouting or criticism. More common forms are disengaging the distracted or preoccupied spouse or stonewalling the spouse who refuses to accept anyone elses perspective.

Kiva - Ancestral Pueblo Ceremonial Structures

Kiva - Ancestral Pueblo Ceremonial Structures A kiva is a special purpose building used by Ancestral Puebloan (previously known as Anasazi) people in the American southwest and Mexican northwest. The earliest, and simplest, examples of kivas are known from Chaco Canyon for the late Basketmaker III phase (500–700 CE). Kivas are still in use among contemporary Puebloan people, as a gathering place used when communities reunite to perform rituals and ceremonies.   Key Takeaways: Kiva A kiva is a ceremonial building used by Ancestral Puebloan people.The earliest are known from Chaco Canyon about 599 CE, and they are still used today by contemporary Puebloan people.  Archaeologists identify ancient kivas based on a series of architectural characteristics.They can be round or square, subterranean, semi-subterranean, or at ground level.  A sipapu in a kiva is a small hole thought to represent a door to the underworld. Kiva Functions Prehistorically, there was typically about one kiva for every 15 to 50 domestic structures. In modern pueblos, the number of kivas varies for each village. Kiva ceremonies today are mainly performed by male community members, although women and visitors can attend some of the performances. Among Eastern Pueblo groups kivas are usually round in shape, but among Western Puebloan groups (such as Hopi and Zuni) they are usually square. Although it is difficult to generalize across the entire American southwest over time, kivas likely function(ed) as meeting places, structures used by subsets of the community for a variety of socially integrative and domestic activities. Larger ones, called Great Kivas, are larger structures typically built by and for the whole community. They are typically greater than 30 m square in floor area. Kiva Architecture When archaeologists characterize a prehistoric structure as a kiva, they typically use the presence of one or more of several distinguishing traits, the most recognizable of which is being partly or completely underground: most kivas are entered through the roofs. The other common traits used to define kivas include deflectors, fire pits, benches, ventilators, floor vaults, wall niches, and sipapus. hearths or fire pits: hearths in the later kivas are lined with adobe brick and have rims or collars above the floor level and ash pits to the east or northeast of the hearthsdeflectors: a deflector is a method of keeping the ventilating wind from affecting the fire, and they range from stones set into the eastern lip of the adobe hearth to U-shaped walls partially surrounding the hearth complexventilator shafts oriented toward the east: all subterranean kivas need ventilation to be bearable, and roof ventilation shafts are typically oriented to the east although south-oriented shafts are common in the Western Anasazi region, and some kivas have second subsidiary openings to the west to provide increased airflow.benches or banquettes: some kivas have raised platforms or benches in place along the wallsfloor vaultsalso known as foot drums or spirit channels, floor vaults are subfloor channels radiating out from the central hearth or in parallel lines across the floorsipapus: a small h ole cut into the floor, a hole known in modern Puebloan cultures as shipap, the place of emergence or place of origin, where humans emerged from the underworld wall niches: recesses cut into the walls that may represent similar functions as sipapus and in some locations are part of painted murals These features arent always present in every kiva, and it has been suggested that in general, smaller communities used general use structures as occasional kivas, while larger communities had larger, ritually specialized facilities. Pithouse- Kiva Debate The main identifying characteristic of a prehistoric kiva is that it was built at least partly underground. This characteristic is linked by archaeologists to earlier subterranean but (mainly) residential pithouses, which were typical of ancestral Puebloan societies prior to the technological innovation of adobe brick. The changeover from subterranean houses as domestic residences to exclusively ritual functions is central to pithouse to pueblo transition models, associated as it is with the innovation of adobe brick technology. Adobe surface architecture spread across the Anasazi world between 900–1200 CE (depending on the region). The fact that a kiva is subterranean is not a coincidence: kivas are associated with origin myths  and the fact that theyre built subterranean may have to do with an  ancestral memory of when everyone lived underground. Archaeologists recognize when a pithouse functioned as a kiva by the characteristics listed above: but after about 1200, most structures were built above ground and subterranean structures stopped including features typical of a kiva. The debate centers on a handful of questions. Are those pithouses without kiva-like structures built after above-ground pueblos were common really kivas? Can it be that kivas built before above-ground structures are simply not being recognized? And eventually- is how archaeologists define a kiva truly representing kiva rituals? Mealing Rooms as Womens Kivas As has been noted in several ethnographic studies, kivas are primarily places where men congregate. Anthropologist Jeannette Mobley-Tanaka (1997) has suggested that womens rituals may have been associated with mealing houses. Mealing rooms or houses are subterranean structures where people (presumably women) ground maize. The rooms held artifacts and furniture associated with grain grinding, such as manos, metates, and hammerstones, and they also have corrugated pottery jars and bin storage facilities. Mobley-Tanaka noted that in her admittedly small test case, the ratio of mealing rooms to kivas is 1:1, and most mealing rooms were located geographically close to kivas. Great Kiva In Chaco Canyon, the better-known kivas were constructed between 1000 and 1100 CE, during the Classic Bonito phase. The largest of these structures are called Great Kivas, and large and small-sized kivas are associated with Great House sites, such as Pueblo Bonito, Peà ±asco Blanco, Chetro Ketl, and Pueblo Alto. In these sites, great kivas were built in central, open plazas. A different type is the isolated great kiva such as the site of Casa Rinconada, which probably functioned as a central place for adjacent, smaller communities. Archaeological excavations have shown that kiva roofs were supported by wooden beams. This wood, mainly from Ponderosa pines and spruces, had to come from a huge distance  since Chaco Canyon was a region poor of such forests. The use of timber, arriving at Chaco Canyon through such a long-distance network, must, therefore, have reflected an incredible symbolic power. In the Mimbres region, great kivas began to disappear by the mid-1100s or so, replaced by plazas, perhaps a result of contact with Mesoamerican groups on the Gulf Coast. Plazas provide public, visible space for shared communal activities in contrast to kivas, which are more private and hidden. Updated by K. Kris Hirst Selected Sources Crown, Patricia L., and W. H. Wills. Modifying Pottery and Kivas at Chaco: Pentimento, Restoration, or Renewal? American Antiquity 68.3 (2003): 511–32. Print.Gilman, Patricia, Marc Thompson, and Kristina Wyckoff. Ritual Change and the Distant: Mesoamerican Iconography, Scarlet Macaws, and Great Kivas in the Mimbres Region of Southwestern New Mexico. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 90–107. Print.Mills, Barbara J. What’s New in Chaco Research? Antiquity 92.364 (2018): 855–69. Print.Mobley-Tanaka, Jeannette L. Gender and Ritual Space During the Pithouse to Pueblo Transition: Subterranean Mealing Rooms in the North American Southwest. American Antiquity 62.3 (1997): 437–48. Print.Schaafsma, Polly. The Cave in the Kiva: The Kiva Niche and Painted Walls in the Rio Grande Valley. American Antiquity 74.4 (2009): 664–90. Print.

Evaluating Business Communication Paper Assignment

Evaluating Business Communication Paper - Assignment Example The various communication to managerial personnel and to the members of the accounting department were appropriate for the intended audience. The memo from John, the Accounting Team representative was also expected by the CEO, William. The leadership roles and styles in the scenario affectively established the kind of tone, the structure of the correspondence, and the manner by which the messages would be written. The memo between managers are formal and expected to be structured in a language that is familiar to personnel of managerial position. Likewise, the memo from John to the CEO aimed to be structured in a formal tone, but could still be improved. As briefly noted above, the memo sent by John to the CEO could be improved. The tone should be formal. Likewise, the entire communique should have been proofread extensively to be free from errors. From the memo that was written by John to the CEO, it was evident that there were grammatical errors (the way JJJ Company was written where the word Company was sometimes written in full, sometimes abbreviated, and at times, the abbreviated ‘Co.’ was even written in lower case). In addition, there were some statements that should not have been included (‘Beth requested all financial reports even though some of them were not required’) as the implication, with the rest of the information in the third paragraph, would be immaterial for the CEO. Also, the last statement which says: ‘If you have any questions, please contact me’ could still be improved as the structure seemed to be an order to the CEO which is not appropriate. The sender could have said, ‘If there are further queries in the disclosed information, I would be more than willing to relay it at your most convenient time’. In other correspondences, the memos were structured with some aspects similar to a business

Creation and Development of New Firms Assignment

Creation and Development of New Firms - Assignment Example Side by side, the trouble of poverty also became highlighted in these emerging economies of the entire world. However, in order to recover from such distressful state, most of the countries, especially the emerging or developing countries are reliant on economic liberalization. Due to such economic shift, most of the emerging economies and the firms of recent age are entirely responsible for economic recovery of the world (Yalcin & Kapu, 2008, p. 32). Due to which, most of these firms offered high concentration over the development of the entrepreneurship programs. Therefore, the importance of entrepreneurship program is highlighted in this assignment and it also focuses on five significant areas: Creation and development of new firms Success rates of entrepreneurial activities Global entrepreneurship in developing economies Degree of risks or safety of entrepreneurial programs Present entrepreneurs and innovative technology Creation and Development of New Firms In recent age, the em erging economies of the world are always trying to develop large number of new firms so as to improve their financial condition. Along with this, it also helps in improving the profit margin and revenue of the firms might also be improved. It also helps in enhancement of the employment rates resulting in upliftment of the living standards of the citizens of the economies. As a result, the reputation of the developing economy increases to a certain extent among other neighboring ones in the entire world. For the above reasons, the rate of entrepreneurship is increasing day by day and thereby improving the prospects of the firms and the employees as well. This is mainly because, the entrepreneurs of recent age are extremely talented and intelligent and comprise of excellent management and leadership skills that are extremely essential to control and operate any business firm or organization in this competitive age. As a result, the level of interaction among the employees and the mana gement is extremely high resulting in invention of varied types of new ideas and facts that might result in betterment of the organization (Yalcin & Kapu, 2008, p. 31). So, the prospect of the entrepreneurship has been increasing and it is resulting in amplification of the rate of development of new firms in the emerging economies. Success Rates of Entrepreneurial Activities As the entrepreneurs of recent age always try to develop and introduce new ideas and information for the betterment of the firm. This is done only after analyzing the situation and the strengths and weaknesses of the firm. By doing so, an entrepreneur might attain get a better analysis of the essential requirements of the firm. On the basis of that, the entrepreneur might develop the plans and the strategies that might lead to its betterment. Along with this, after the plans are finalized, the goals and objectives are also developed after consulting with the other employees of the firm. Then, to attain such obje ctives, the innovative skills and talents as well as equipments are introduced within the employees of the organization. Therefore, with the coordinated efforts of the employees, equipments and management, the objectives might be surely achieved resulting in success of the organization. Due to which, the working condition of the organization improved resulting in enhancement of the rate of devotion of the employees towards work. This is the

Technology in the Learning Essay Example for Free

Technology in the Learning Essay The teacher knows how to use the materials. The students can relate and understand the lesson because the application or software of that particular topic is found in material. If the teacher did not know how to use material it can cause weakness. The volumes of computers are not sufficient. It helps to the teacher to introduce the lesson for better understanding. The lesson is easily absorbed because they perform activities to apply the lesson. It’s contains information to help them to understand well and instruction and procedure guide them for their activity. Note for reviewing if they will forget. Your Analysis What do you think prompted the teacher to choose the materials/learning resources that she/he used? Computers and hand outs are most appropriate materials for the lesson about MS Visio. Ms Visio is tool in designing charts and creating professional diagrams. Computer is use for their hands-on and to be seen the features of the MS Visio 2010 and for their practical evaluation to known if they understand the lesson. Hand-out is use for information about the topic and guide in doing their activity. Therefore, the instructional materials serve as a clear representation that was capable of giving clear information, through this the student will able understand the lesson and easy to absorb. What difficulties, if any, did the teacher experience? How can this be managed? There was no difficulty that the teacher experience because the students are participates in discussion and activity. They student was listened and performed the activity while the teachers makes sure that the student do the  tasks. Over-all, were the learning resources/materials used effectively? Why? Why not? Yes, the computers and hand outs are effective because teacher keep getting the attention of the students in listening in the discussion and performing the activities until the class end. They got positive result in quiz and practical evaluation so I conclude that the learning materials are appropriate. Your Reflection Put yourself in the place of the teacher. What would you do similarly and what would you do differently if you will teach the same lesson to the same group of students? Why? If I will teach the same lesson to the same group of students I also use computer and hand outs but I will also use PowerPoint presentation in introducing the functions and features of MS Visio 2010 to motivate the students to listen and to view the difference kinds of charts and diagram to understand the topic well. I will give them a more problem situation in creating chart and diagrams to enhance their knowledge in creating charts and diagrams in given scenario and to appreciate the importance of lesson. FS 3 Technology in the Learning Environment FIELD STUDY Give at least three benefits of doing a survey of available materials before making your own materials? Explain each 1. Less difficulty in introducing the lesson-Teaching aid materials are help to motivate students to listen and easily in the part of the teacher to discuss the topic and help the student to understand the lesson well. 2. Doing a survey of materials help me to discover materials that relevant to my topic. Give me a several option and choose materials that more effective and appropriate so that I will achieve the objectives my lesson. Also give me ideas to create new materials. 3. Surveying of available materials are can save time, effort and money. You will not spend time, effort and money because material is already available. You can choose topic that will use the available materials especially in cooking .When you think a menu to cook you should also consider the equipment or tools to use so that can save money to buying those equipments or you will focus on available materials. Your Reflections 1. Which of the materials did you like making the most? Why? Making power point presentation is the most I like because it develops my creativity in designing and animating my slide presentation because of putting pictures, videos, animated pictures and effects in slide and student also like it. It easier to get their attention and they also learned by pictures and videos. 2. What difficulties, if any, did you encounter in making the materials? How did you overcome them? I encounter difficulties in making hand outs and activity sheets. Hand outs should clear and informative so that the lesson will understand by student. And you should make sure that your activity sheet is challenging and have thrilled so that you will evaluate well your student if they absorb the lesson. I base my hand outs and activity sheet to my objectives through this it easier to me to create. 3. What tips can you give teachers regarding preparation of teaching materials In preparation of teaching materials you should consider the availability of materials to avoid creating and purchasing materials. The suitability of materials to the subject matter it also very important. You also consider the skill and knowledge of teacher in using the materials and also the student. FS 3 Technology in the Learning Environment FIELD STUDY PAPER WORKS! (Preparing Hand-outs) HAND-OUT PLAN Subject Matter: Technology and Livelihood Education (Baking and other Kitchen tools and Equipment ) Grade/Year Level: Fourth Year High School Outline: A. Definition of Matter B. Classification of Ovens and other Baking Tools and Equipment 1. Ovens Proportionately 2. Other Baking Equipment 3. Baking Tools and Utensils C. Baking Tools and Equipment and their Uses 1. Spatula 2. Flour Sifter 3. Wooden Spoon 4. Scraper 5. Measuring Cups 6. Measuring Spoons 7. Weighing Scale 8. Electric Mixer 9. Rotary Egg Beater 10. Grater and Shredder 11. Rolling Pin 12. Baking Pans Types of Graphic Organizer/flow chart/schema to use: References: 1. Your Analysis 1. What are the good features of a handout? A good handout must concise information and easy to follow. It’s brief but make sure that it contain important detail of your lesson. Choose simple and readable type of fonts that readers can read because difficult to read is will lose their interest immediately. Bullets, schema, diagram and flow art help your hand out to be organized to avoid confusion. Highlight and bold the important detail so that readers recognized the important information. 2. Which of these features are present in the handout I made? I summarize the topic and I write only important detail so that readers understand the point of my lesson. I use bullets and schema to gives guide to the readers. I use simple fonts in order that they understand the information well. I put also references for clarification or if they need more details. 3. Which features are not present in the handout I made? I present all feature I know even though I didn’t know how to do good handouts but I surely my handout is clear and understandable by the readers. Your Reflection 1. What difficulties, if any, did you encounter in making the handouts? How did you overcome them? The difficulty that I encountered while making my simple handouts is to make it shorten but explainable. I put only the important information should to remember and later I discuss some details for more understanding. I also find difficult in providing schema to my example so I did was explore in the internet and select the best example to my topic. 2. What tips can you give teacher regarding preparation of handouts? Teacher must be resourceful so that the handouts will be informative tools in students learning. Informative because students depend in handouts especially It tackled an ago. They also didn’t remember your explanation so handouts make them recall your lesson. More information is making your reader uninterested to your topic so make it short. FS 3 Technology in the Learning Environment FIELD STUDY Your Analysis 1. What are the features of a good slide presentation? A good slide presentation contains pictures and videos to help you to discuss the topic and to have more understanding in part of student. Pictures and videos let students know what I am talking about. It helps also to get the attention of the students. The slide should follow the 7x 7 rules. Seven words every sentence and seven sentences in every slide. You must remember that your text should Arial font’s style and 24 font’s size. The background color and foreground color are contrast. 2. Which of these features are present in the slide presentation you made? The features I mentioned about are presented in my slide and I follow the 7 x7 rules of power point so that it will make it easier for the audience to read. 3. Which features are not present in the slide presentation you made? I did not put sound effects and music because it will cause distraction to my discussion. I did not use video presentation because it consumes more time but it will depend to your topic if it will be useful to your discussion. Your Reflection 1. What difficulties, if any, did you encounter in making the slide presentation? How did you overcome them? Power point presentation is very interesting to do because it easy to create it. Background and effects are already available. You can put pictures, effects, music and videos that will found in the internet. So far, there were no difficulties that I have encountered. FS 3 Technology in the Learning Brief Description of the material in the Website This site present difference tools and equipment in baking and other tools in kitchen and their uses. Evaluation of Website Strength It is very informative. This site gave a lot of information in my topic. Weaknesses The weakness of this site is you need to become a member to their organization to can access their essays or term papers. Your Reflection This episode tells us the importance roles of internet were you can find a lots of information about in your topic. And also informs us to be aware to the reference of information because website leads to the false information.

In Response To Those Winter Sundays Essay -- essays research papers

In Response to "Those Winter Sundays" Being a child, is one of the hardest stages of ones life. They go through doing all the wrongs in order to do the right, and they socially develop into a mature and sensible human being. During this stage of a young child's life, the roles of parenting are absolutely crucial. In the poem "Those Winter Sundays" by Robert Hayden, I get a sense that the narrator does not have a special bond with his father, and that there is a sense of fear. I feel that in order to grow up and be a morally strong and stable person, you need a well-built relationship with at least one of you parents, if not both. Growing up in a very suburban town taught me many things about being a boy and even further into my life as a young man. I spent most of my childhood days running through the woods, fishing in our pond, or helping my father with some project that he had around the house. I used to always come back to him with everything for help. He would be doing something in the garage, and I would catch a fish that had swallowed the hook. I would run up to the house, break his concentration, and he would come help me. He always did that, and never seemed to mind it was like it was his job to love me and teach me how to be a good person. In the poem, I get a sense that there is no bond, like my father and I have which leads to confusion in the narrator's life. For instance, in line eight when he says "I would slowly rise and dress, feari...

Guidelines for selecting toys for Young Children

Age Recommendations: Most packages have a recommened age range, this however is only a suggested range based on average child development. Use this information as a general guide for narrowing down toy options. Use your knowledge of the child's individual skills and development to determine if the child would fall into that recommened age group. Read any printed warnings on safety precautions that are also listed on the package to determine if there is an additional risk that would make the toy inappropriate for a young child. Parts: The parts of a toy are a major factor when buying for young children. Toddlers and preschoolers even put objects in their mouth if the piece is small enough. A simple test is to drop the small parts through a paper towel tube, if the toy fits through the tube it is too dangerous for young children. Inspect all components of the toy to determine if it contains small parts that could present a choking risk. Toys often come with small accessories to go with the main item that can be too small in size, this is something to look out for. Always look at the qaulity of the toy construction, especially when the toy has smaller parts attached to it. Poor construction can ncrease the risk of a small part popping off while the child is playing. Educational Value: Toys bring enjoyment to children, but they also can provide educational value for a young child. Choose toys that allow children to practice developmental skills that they are currently working on. Examples are: if a three year old child is learning to reconize letters consider letter blocks or for numbers a electronic preschool toy that features numbers would be great. For children who need practice with motor skills, choose toys that require small movements and control, such as blocks that click together or a set of stacking cups. Visualize how the child would play with the toy to determine the educational value the toy offers. Violence: Many toys can carry a violent theme, particularly in the form of weapons. Many action figures have weapons attached or promote fighting. Replicas of actual weapons also encourage a violent nature, these types of toys may encourage young children to get more aggresive when playing with other children. Consider if you want young children exposed to these aggresive toys, especially at a young age. Taken from www. livestrong. com-guidelines when choosing developmently appropriate oys for young children. Reference: American academy of Pediatrics Age Appropriate Toys Age one to three year olds Melissa and Doug's shape sorting cube is a well made classic sorting toy. This high qaulity wooden cube and vibrant shaped blocks set is perfect for fine motor skills. Match the wooden blocks to the correct cutouts on the cube, and slide them inside. Introduce child to geometry and puzzling fun with this sturdy shape sorter. Shape sorting cube meets and exceeds all U. S. safety standards. This is a appropriate toy for this age because it teaches shape sorting, and could also each colors with the bright wood blocks. This toy is perfect for fine tuning motor skills. This toy is appealing because it has bright colors, and different shapes for them to find the correct spot for each one, this could be using thinking skills. I think a parent would buy this toy because it teaches shapes as well as colors while fine tuning motor skills that is also why I would choose this toy, it is a great learnig toy for young children. Count and Learn Cookie Jar: Imagine that whenever kids get a cookie from the cookie jar, they actually learn counting and numbers too. This talking cookie jar smiles ts best at little counters while helping them to count the delious looking cookies from one to ten. If you cant count cookies, how about counting the colorful chips on each cookie? The back of the cookie shows the number to see if you got the correct number. This toy also has number recognition, this bright red jar encourages children to play and learn with friendly phrases as well. This qaulity toddler electronic toy makes learning math exciting and fun. This toy is developmentaly appropriate because it teaches young children numbers in a fun cookie counting way, it hs numbers for them to see, as well as chips to count hichever is easiest for the child. It is appealing because it is a bright red jar, with fun colorful chip cookies, something they can reconize and be fun for them to play with while learning numbers. It talks as well which can keep the child's attention. I think a parent would choose to buy this toy because it is a great fun way for a child to learn to count, as well as see colors, and to learn manipulative skills, and thinking skills as well. I would choose this toy for the same reasons, I think it would be a great, fun way to teach young children to count and understand numbers. Alaphabet Sound Puzzle: 26 piece alphabet sound puzzle by Melissa and Doug is a wonderful fun tool to teach young children their ABC's. Place pieces in their correct spot on the board to hear music, animals, vehicles, letters, numbers, and more. This puzzle pronounces the correct name of each letter when it is placed correctly on the board. Pieces are slightly raised above the puzzle board for easy grasping. Colorful pictures beginning with each letter are underneath each piece to help develop the relationship between letters and their sounds. This toy is developmentally appropriate because it teaches ABC and letter ecognition, as well as thinking skills. Helps children sound out letters and say words to help understand each letter. This toy is appealing because it is a bright colored puzzle with sounds to help a child learn the ABC's, words and sounds of a letter. I think a parent would buy this toy because children love puzzles, it is a easy way for them to learn letters, sounds an d use their thinking skills. It a is a great learning toy, and I would choose this as well. Puzzles are great, and this one has sound for the children to learn what each letter sounds like to help remember each letter, and to use their thinking skills.

Indian Cheese Industry

Market Analysis: The Indian Cheese Industry| September 18 2010 | This Report gives a market study of the Indian cheese industry, key players and their market shares and strategies. It contains a study about the scope for growth in this sector and a SWOT analysis of the same. | Indian Cheese Industry| INDEX Sr. No| Topic| Page No. | 1. | Overview| 1| 2. | Market Size and Growth| 1| 3. | Key Players| 1| 4. | Analysis of Individual Players4. 1. Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) 4. 2. Britannia New Zealand Foods Private Ltd. Industries Limited (BNZF)4. . Dabon International Private Limited4. 4. Imported Cheese Market4. 5. Regional Players| 33781011| 5. | SWOT Analysis of the Indian cheese industry5. 1. Strengths5. 2. Weaknesses5. 3. Opportunities5. 4. Threats| 1212131314| 6. | Market Segmentation| 14| 7. | Trends in the Indian cheese market| 15| 8. | Observations| 15| 9. | Summary| 16| 1o. | Key Government Contacts| 17| 11. | References| 18| The Indian cheese Industry 1. Overview Except for the popular Indian variety of cottage cheese-Paneer, India is not traditionally a ‘cheese nation'.But, with the growing saturation of cheese consumption in the West and encouraging successes in other ‘non-cheese' Asian countries like Japan and China; overseas cheese producers are eyeing the Indian market for its huge promise. The organised cheese industry in India is at best in its nascent stage, accounting for less than 1% of total dairy production and largely limited to urban consumption. Though cheese was first marketed in India under the brand name ‘Amul', from the popular Amul butter stable in the late 1970s, it attained an identity of its own only as late as 1990s. 2.Market Size and Growth rate The organized cheese industry in the country as of 2006, is valued at Rs 250 crore (US$ 50 million), with a volume of more than 8000 tonnes. The industry growth rate is estimated at about 10%-12% per year in terms of volume and 16%-17% per year in value terms. Current household cheese penetration is 5%, with about 50% of consumption being limited to cities. Mumbai and Delhi together capture half of the cheese market. Within cheese products, around 60% of the market is dominated by processed cheese, 30% by cheese spreads and the remaining 10% by flavoured and specialty cheese. .Key players The Indian cheese market is dominated by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation that uses the brand name Amul and Britannia New Zealand Foods Pvt. Limited, using the brand name ‘Britannia MilkMan'. Amul is way ahead of competition and owns about 60% of the market. Britannia has about a 25% share. Other players are Dabon International Private Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of the French dairy company Bongrain S. A and other regional brands like Mother Dairy and Vijaya. These companies have a 10% market share.The remainder 5% of the market is taken by imported cheese brands, retailed in specialty stores. Table 1: The Indian Cheese Market Key players Brand(s)| Estimated Share of Market (%)| Amul| 60| Britannia MilkMan| 25| Le Bon, Regional brands e. g. Mother Dairy, Vijaya| 10| Imported brands e. g. Kraft, Laughing Cow| 5| Fig 1: Pie chart showing % market share of the major players 4. Analysis of individual players: 4. 1. Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) 4. 1. 1. Company Profile: Amul is the leading brand name for products produced and marketed by the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF).GCMMF is an apex body of milk co-operatives in Gujarat and heralded the ‘white revolution' in India that turned the country from having a milk-deficit to the largest milk producer in the world. GCMMF also markets milk powder and dairy whiteners under the Amulya and Sagar brand names. Amul is the oldest and the most established dairy brand in the country, with its first product, Amul butter, being marketed since 1946. Today, the company has its roots deep in the dairy market and is increasingly focusing on the value added segment that includes health drinks, cheese and dairy based desserts.Turnover in 2005-2006 was US$ 850 million with a year-on-year growth of 29%. 4. 1. 2. Cheese Perspective: Amul brands and markets itself as the largest vegetarian cheese producer in the world since all its cheese varieties are made from microbial rather than animal rennet. This immediately makes the brand's' cheese products favourable in a country with the most vegetarians in the world. Also, it sources its cheese form buffalo milk, which is popular in India. 4. 1. 3: Products The various products produced by Amul are shown in the table below.Table 2: Cheese Products by Amuls Cheese Product| Description| Maximum Retail Price| Amul Pasteurised Processed Cheese| A cheddar cheese| 400g: Rs 86 1 kg: Rs 163| Amul Cheese Spreads (in three flavours)| Combination of Cheddar and soft cheese. | 200g: Rs 32| Amul Emmental Cheese| Specialty Swiss cheese which is sweet, dry and ha s a hazelnut aroma| 400g: Rs120| Amul Pizza Mozzarella Cheese| For use in pizzas| 200g: Rs 43| Gouda Cheese| Specialty Dutch cheese. Manufactured under a Swiss technical collaboration in the North Eastern Himalayan state of Sikkim.   | Amul chiplets| Individually packed single serve cheese cubes| 200g: Rs 50| Amul Malai Paneer| Indian cottage cheese| 100g: Rs14200g: Rs 26 1kg: Rs 115| Amul cheese slices| For sandwiched and burgers| 100g: Rs27 200g: Rs52| Amul Pizza| Frozen pizzas| Rs 30| Its cheese business grew at 18% in 2005-2006. GCMMF exports cheese to the tune of 600 tons, making it the largest cheese exporter in the country. The export market includes the Middle East, Singapore, Hong Kong, and the United States of America; countries that have a large Indian population, and the neighbouring countries of Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Nepal.A very rewarding strategy for Amul has been to also enter the cheese dependent food product category. It produces over 300,000 frozen pizzas (using mozzarella cheese), priced at a mere Rs 30 apiece. This has provided strong competition to international brands in the market which traditionally only sell pizzas at their retail outlets and at much higher prices. 4. 1. 4. Strategy: As its product lists, GCMMF has capitalized on the value added segment with a wide range of Amul cheeses. The Amul brand represents ‘value for money' to the Indian consumer and its cheese portfolio is competitively priced and of assured quality.The company has been aggressively marketing its cheese products, to the extent of even moving away from its umbrella brand strategy and introducing a new mascot, the Amul Cheese Boy. When low cost pizzas were introduced, GCMMF adopted an innovative and successful strategy of increasing sales of an elitist product (cheese) by reducing the price of another elitist product (pizzas). Especially since 2005, the company has focused on expanding its already strong distribution network to smaller cities as cheese d emand has rapidly expanded beyond the large metros. . 2. Britannia New Zealand Foods Private Ltd. Industries Limited (BNZF) 4. 2. 1. Company Profile: BNZF is a joint venture company founded in 2002 by Britannia Industries Limited (BIL) and Fonterra Co-operative Group of New Zealand. The company focuses entirely on the dairy business, with cheese being its flagship product. The other products it sells are dairy whiteners, butter, ghee (Indian clarified butter) and a malt drink- Anlene. All products are marketed under the ‘Britannia MilkMan' brand.BIL (known as Britannia Biscuit company until 1979) has essentially been a ‘biscuit company', that had humble beginnings in Calcutta in 1892. Its big break came during World War II when the Indian Government contracted it to supply biscuits to the armed forces and since then it became a market leader in the biscuit segment. In 1954, the company also began producing and selling bread and it was as late as 1997, that it entered the dairy industry. In 2002, Forbes Global rated BIL as one of the top 200 small companies of the world and as a strong and trusted brand in India.The Wadia Group of India along with Groupe Danone of France are equal shareholders in ABIL, UK which is a major shareholder in Britannia Industries Limited. Fonterra Cooperative Group is New Zealand's largest company and amongst the ten largest dairy companies in the world. The dairy expertise and global experience for the Joint Venture comes from Fonterra Cooperative while Britannia's contribution is its brand name, large distribution network and the understanding of the Indian market. Like BIL, BNZF also comes under the umbrella of the Wadia Group of companies.Its turnover in 2005-2006 is US$ 24 million with about 50% coming from processed cheese, 30% from the dairy whitener and the remaining 20% from butter and ghee sales. 4. 2. 2. Cheese Perspective: BNZF only sells in the processed cheese segment and has five variations of processed che ese in the market, besides a cheese dip product. Over half of the company's revenues come from the processed cheese segment. BNZF cheese is priced at a premium in the market; one reason being that the cheese is sourced from cow's milk (unlike Amul that sources its cheese from buffalo milk). . 2. 3. Products: Cheese cubes, Cheese singles (regular and Slim variants), Britannia Milkman Malai Chaska- a soft, fresh and creamy ‘dairy spread,’ which has a mild, tangy taste, Britannia cheese spread in different flavours like Masala Herbs, Spicy Cilantro, Peppy Pepper etc. , and Pizza cheese. 4. 2. 4. Strategy: Rather than focusing on competitive pricing, BNZF has adopted a ‘three-pronged strategy’ of: Freshness (lower pipeline stock), Availability (improve distribution network) and Visibility (more shelf space at modern trade).At present, cheese products, contribute to around 50 % of the Rs 120 crore turnover of the dairy product company (which markets its products under the brand name Britannia Milkman) while its Diary whitener contributes to 30% and butter and ghee together account for 20 %. 4. 3. Dabon International Private Limited 4. 3. 1. Company profile: Dabon International Private Limited is wholly owned by the French dairy major Bongrain SA. The company began as a joint venture with Dabur India in 1996, but in June 2005, Dabur exited from the business.The company said that they had decided to exit because cheese and milk products were a ‘non-core' business for them. Dabon is the only international cheese company to produce and sell cheese in the country, using the brand name Le Bon. It has a state of the art facility in Noida, near Delhi. Despite having made losses, the company has been in an expansion mode, offering a selection of processed cheese products. Adapting to Indian tastes, it has also recently introduced in Delhi and Mumbai, Indian cottage cheese with the brand name ‘Le Paneer'. Dabon markets its cheese to both the retail and institutional sector. . 3. 2. Cheese Perspective: Dabon focuses on the processed cheese segment, catering to both the retail and institutional markets. In the former, it has been targeting families and children (like the other brands) and in the latter category, it has standard and customized products for fast food chains, hotels, flight caterers and restaurants. Some of its institutional clients include Domino Pizza, Papa John’s Pizza, Oberoi Flight Services and the Ambassador.Besides drawing on the international cheese portfolio of its parent Bongrain SA, Dabon has realized that to compete, it has to cater to ethnic tastes. Le Paneer', the Indian cottage cheese variety was recently introduced as a brand in Delhi and Mumbai. 4. 3. 3. Products Table 3: Dabon Products for the Retail Sector Cheese Product| Description| Maximum Retail Price| Le Bon Creamy n Sancky Cheese Portions| A ready to eat snack, targeted at children. | 6 portion pack – 114g – Rs 36 Single portion – 19g – Rs 6| Le Bon creamy Cheese spread (Bottled spread in two flavours: Plain and Black pepper)| Marketed as a low fat butter substitute, with 60% less fat than butter. Both flavours: 200g-Rs 45| Le Bon Tasty Cheese Slices ( Two flavours: Plain and Black pepper)| A ready to eat snack, targeted at children| Plain: 170g- Rs 57 Black Pepper: 170g- Rs 59| Le Bon Grate n Garnish Cheese| A mild processed cheese for grating and garnishing. | Comes in 4 different pack sizes: 100g – Rs 24, 200g – Rs 46, 400g – Rs 86, 1Kg – Rs 185| Le Bon Paneer| Indian Cottage cheese| 200g: Rs 26 400g: Rs 50| Table 4: Dabon Products for the Institutional Sector Cheese Product| Description| Creamy n Sancky Cheese Portions| Suitable for in-flight meals, mini-bars and breakfast buffets.Available in 19g portions| Creamy Cheese spread (Two flavours: Plain and Black pepper)| Suitable for Italian food, baked dishes and dips| Individually wrapped che ese Slices (Two flavours: Plain and Black pepper)| For burgers and sandwiches. Available in 17g portions| Grate n Garnish Cheese| An all-purpose mild processed cheese for grating and garnishing. Available in 1kg blocks| Cheddar Processed Cheese| All-purpose cheddar processed cheese. Available in 1kg blocks| Le Bon Paneer| Indian Cottage cheese. Available in 200g and 400g packets| 4. 3. 6. Strategy:Dabon has played it safe in the Indian market so far, confining production and sales to the popular processed cheese and Paneer segment. It capitalizes on the fact that it uses international world class production techniques with a focus on quality and hygiene. Bongrain SA obviously believes in the potential for cheese in India, increasing its investment in the country despite having its joint venture partner Dabur pull out. 4. 4. 1. Imported cheese Market When the Indian government removed quantitative restrictions on consumer products in 2001, it was expected that imported products would flood the market and pose a threat to local brands.International cheese companies have established agents to market their products and enter the Indian market. The three main importers are: Bel Fromageries  which introduced its Laughing Cow brand in 2001 and more recently, Kiri cream cheese. Kraft cheese is presently available only in specialty imported goods stores. However, the company is planning to enter the Indian market and its strategy is to have an extensive reach into small retail outlets in the country. The company also aims at a presence by introducing ‘affordable products with the right attributes that meet local consumer needs'.Boursin a large French cheese maker announced its entry as an importer of cheese into the Indian market in November 2006. Boursin will be traded in the country by RRO, which has a tie up with Unilever for marketing and distribution. RRO is an established importer of international branded consumer food items. Boursin is a 100% Vegetarian Cheese since it is made without animal rennet. The product is available in four varieties in the country: Boursin Plain, Bourisn Garlic and Fine herbs, Boursin Pepper, and Boursin Shallot and Chives.Boursin Cheese is available at several leading food outlets in the country. 4. 5. 1. Regional Players: Encouraged by the success of Amul, many state dairy cooperatives have entered the cheese segment. These cooperatives have capitalized on their existing brand strengths to capture a sizeable market share in their region. Prominent regional players are: Table 5: Regional Players in the Indian Cheese Market Company| Brand ;amp; Regions| Cheese Products| Other Products|Mother Dairy India Limited (wholly owned by National Dairy Development Board)| Mother Dairy (North India, Mumbai and Calcutta| Individually wrapped slices, Cheese spread, Cheese cubes and Paneer| Liquid Milk, Yogurt, Ice creams, Dairy Whiteners, Butter, Frozen vegetables, Fresh fruits and vegetables, Vegetable oils and Fruit juices| Milkfed (Punjab State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation)| Verka (North India, Mumbai and Calcutta)| Cheese spread, Processed cheddar cheese, Natural cheddar cheese, Cheese singles and Paneer| Flavoured milk, Lassi, Yogurt, Butter, Ghee, Milk powders, Malted drink, Ice-creams, Milk based Indian sweets| Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Cooperation Federation (APDDCF)| Vijaya (Predominantly South India based)| Processed cheese| Sterilized Flavoured Milk, Paneer, Indian sweets and Buttermilk| Of the above listed players, Mother Dairy is the largest, with aggressive growth plans in the cheese business.The company's strategy is to focus on the large children’s segment, with two successful marketing campaigns in 2006 – aimed at the child consumer, and to have a better relationship with retailers. As part of its strategy to increase its national presence, Mother Dairy also plans to improve its distribution network and increase the shelf life of its cheese – so as to increase its reach in the country. Mother Dairy's sales for cheese are increasing at about 30-40% a year. Two other state cooperatives that produce and market cheese are the southern states of Karnataka (Nandini brand) and Tamil Nadu (Aavin brand). These two brands though, essentially maintain a state presence rather than a regional one. 5. SWOT Analysis of Indian cheese industryFor developing a sound strategic plan for the cheese industry and mainly for the marketing and brand recognition, first a detailed analysis is required to be done. For this reason, a SWOT analysis of the same is done as shown below: 5. 1. Strengths: The Demand for cheese is ever increasing with change in the consumption pattern of consumers. In the mass consumption category, Indian consumers are more ready to buy off the shelf. Paneer, which all the major cheese producers are marketing as a branded product, was traditionally homemade. Secondly, with greater international exposure, rising incomes and brand affiliation; the demand for niche cheese products has increased.Amul was an early mover in capitalizing on the demand for specialized cheeses like Gouda and Emmental. The profit margins for companies are  quiet reasonable since competition is not very fierce like in the Indian telecom sector. The availability  of raw material is abundant since India is the world’s largest milk producer, accounting for more than 13% of world’s total milk production. India has abundant technical  manpower which can be professionally-trained; a technical human resource pool is available. 5. 2. Weaknesses: One of the biggest problems in the marketing of cheese is the lack of existing infrastructure, especially cold chains from the producer to the consumer.Existing players, especially Amul that also uses such facilities for its other dairy products like milk, already has a fairly well established national network. However, new entrants, including importers need to make extra in frastructural investments. This can be quite daunting for companies that are making a market entry into the dairy and cheese industry, particularly with limited existing knowledge of current distribution issues. The lack of cold storage facilities cause the biggest problems to regional players who are trying to gain a national presence. They neither have existing infrastructure nor the financial muscle of international companies. To improve logistical issues, some regional players, like Mother Dairy are positioning their plants in different geographical regions.Many regional cheese brands are currently not able to retail nationwide because of the limited shelf life of their cheese products. For example, Mother Dairy, a subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board and a hugely successful retailer has confined most of its sales to the northern belt. Its reason- the shelf like of most of its dairy products including cheese is only about 10 days. . India being the second largest c ountry in the world and a land of distances, most regional producers do not have the advanced packaging, processing and distribution technology for geographical expansion 5. 3. Opportunities: The increasing incomes of the people due to a strong growth in the GDP allow huge potential for growth. The cheese industry is growing at almost 20% per year.The explosion of retailing in India will probably have a significant impact on the cheese industry; it will provide the cheese manufacturing companies with better distribution networks which will result in an increase in sales. There is a phenomenal scope for innovations in product development, packaging and presentation. I. e. Indianization of cheese by coming up with various different flavours suited to Indian tastes. E. g. Dabon, in acknowledgement of customer preferences for indigenous cheese, has customized their portfolio to include paneer. Efforts to exploit export potential are already on. Amul is exporting to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka , Nigeria, and the Middle East. Following the new GATT treaty, opportunities will increase tremendously for the export  of agro-products in general and dairy products in particular for the local players.There is scope form improvement in Food Technology to increase the shelf life of cheese and thus increase the nationwide presence of cheese products. 5. 4. Threats: Importing cheese, especially for mass consumption faces two main stumbling blocks:   i) High costs: Added to the high cost of importing cheese, importers often also have to invest substantially in a distribution network due to the lack of cold chains. Indian consumers are price sensitive and importers find it difficult competing against local, better priced brands, which are also in synch with the local palate. ii) Inordinate time lag in supplies: Due to logistics and the duration of the import process, replenishing stock takes at least a couple of months, making it difficult for importers to cater rapidly to demand v ariations.Competition among Sellers: The two pronged strategy that sellers will follow in the next few years is i) To increase the size of the market through greater awareness, and ii) To increase availability of cheese products to the expanded market. The Amul and Britannia brands have the strongest national dairy brand identity. To compete with these established brands and gain national presence, other cheese retailers will resort to heavy marketing. Cheese advertising budgets alone are likely to be around 2%-4% of total revenues. Advertising strategies could include, for e. g. cross selling with complementary food products and offering free cheese tasting sessions. In the past couple of years, for example, Mother Dairy has already been pursuing aggressive advertising strategies.One successful promotion in Delhi and Mumbai was the â€Å"Cheese khao superhero ban jao† (Eat Cheese to become a Superhero) event, where kids buying cheese at retail outlets were invited for a phot o- op – dressed as superheroes with a framed photograph presented to them. Another helped the company bond better with its retailers. In November 2005, retailers in Delhi displayed banners proclaiming, â€Å"Cheese ke saath bees ki cheez† (Buy Cheese and get Rs. 20 worth of freebies), a proposal where, if a consumer bought Mother Dairy cheese, the retailer would offer her free purchases worth Rs 20 from the store. Both these innovative campaigns were hugely successful in brand awareness and sales.Conclusion: The study of this  SWOT  analysis shows that the ‘strengths’ and ‘opportunities’ far outweigh ‘weaknesses’ and ‘threats’. Strengths and opportunities are fundamental and weaknesses and threats are transitory. Any investment idea can do well only when you have three essential ingredients: entrepreneurship (the ability to take risks), innovative approach (in product lines and marketing) and values (of quality/et hics). 5. Market Segmentation: In terms of market segmentation, all the Indian cheese brands cater primarily to the retail sector. On the other hand, Dabon International Private Limited and Bel Fromageries have a retail and institutional client focus.The insitutional sector, comprising fast food chains, restaurants, in-flight caterers and hotels also source their cheese from private dairy companies like Dynamix Dairy. Geographically, cheese is produced and marketed for domestic consumption. Amul Malai Paneer is only cheese product exported to the Middle East, Singapore and North America. Paneer is targeted at the large Non Resident Indian (NRI) population in these countries. 6. Trends in the Indian cheese market 7. 1. Production patterns The state cooperatives that market cheese like Amul, Mother Dairy and Verka have their own production plants and source milk from their cooperatives. Among international cheese companies, only Dabon Private Limited also produces cheese in the countr y, having its own plant in Noida, near Delhi.The only significant private player, Britannia, does not make its own cheese but has it produced by the Maharashtra based private dairy company Dynamix Dairy Private Limited (which has a technical collaboration with Schreiber Cheese, USA). Bel Fromageries, the global French company that sells Laughing Cow and Kiri varieties of cheese in India, imports cheese into the country through its agent, Rai and Sons, Delhi. 7. 2. Consumption patterns: Cheese consumption continues to be an urban phenomenon, with processed cheese and cheese spreads accounting for about 80% of the total cheese consumption. Also, cheese is mostly consumed by children and is yet to be part of the mainstream adult diet on a mass scale.The product mix and consumption pattern in India is unlikely to change drastically in the next few years. The largest demand will continue to be for processed cheese and cheese spreads. Children will continue to be the largest consumers of cheese. Of the predicted increase in demand, children will contribute to the largest proportion in tier 2 cities while it will be adults in the metros. To cater to this increase, it is also likely that cheese producers introduce new varieties of specialty cheese in the metros. 7. Observations 1. Increasing and Widespread Demand: Based on a multi-year study of dairy consumption patterns in China, Mckinsey predicts a growth in the demand for Cheese by 40% by 2011.With India having similar consumer trends- namely, growing incomes, westernization and urbanization – Indian demand is likely to mirror Chinese patterns. Two conspicuous outcomes are: i) There is likely to be a 25%-30% increase in demand in the metros and ii) There is likely to be a 5%-10% growth in demand in tier 2 cities as urbanization and modern consumption patterns extend to these cities. 2. Food technology improvements: In the next 3 years, regional players will be forced to adopt new technologies that enable the m to go national to survive. 3. Indianization of processed cheese: The next three years will see new Indian flavours of cheese being introduced in the processed cheese and cheese spread market.The Indian consumer has unique tastes with variations even across regions. Both Indian and International brands are likely to ‘Indianize' their cheese products with Indian flavours to attract a larger customer base. 4. Consolidation of Cheese Plants: The explosion of retailing in India will probably have a significant impact on the cheese industry. Large chains of supermarkets that have entered the country, like Tesco, would follow their global policies of tightening supplier margins that could put small cheese producers out of business. The supplier end will likely be dominated by huge national producers who can achieve sufficient economies of scale to be able to afford low margins.There will be a few such national cheese factories, supplying to various cheese marketers and retail chain s, who in turn brand cheese under their own labels. There is also a high probability that cheese importers like Kraft and Bel Fromageries begin domestic production to lower prices and increased availability of their products. 8. Summary The organised cheese industry in India is at best in its nascent stage, accounting for less than 1% of total dairy production and largely limited to urban consumption. The organized cheese industry in India as of 2006, is valued at Rs 250 crore (US$ 50 million), with a volume in excess of 8000 tonnes. The industry growth rate is estimated at about 10%-12% per year in terms of volume and 16%-17% per year in value terms.Current household cheese penetration is 5%, with about 50% of consumption being limited to cities. Mumbai and Delhi together capture half of the cheese market. Within cheese products, around 60% of the market is dominated by processed cheese, 30% by cheese spreads and the remaining 10% by flavoured and specialty cheese. Amul and Britann ia Milk Man are the lead brands. Overseas cheese producers are eyeing the Indian market for its huge promise. The explosion of retailing in India is expected to have its impact on the cheese industry also. This paper looks at the lead national and regional players as well as the consumption, production and marketing trends. 9. Key government contacts:Government Department| Responsibility| Contact Information| Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Animal husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (DADF)| The Department is responsible for matters relating to livestock production, preservation, protection from disease and improvement of stocks and dairy development, and also for matters relating to the Delhi Milk Scheme and the National Dairy Development Board. | The Secretary,   Telephone:+91 11 23382608 Email: [email  protected] in| National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)| A government organization, NDDB is the apex body of State cooperatives. Also provides training and consulting servic es. | Head Office: P. B. No. 40 Anand – 388 001 Gujarat, INDIA Telephone: 91-2692-260148/260149/260159/260160 Fax: 91-2692-260159/260165 Email: [email  protected] coop|Ministry of Food Processing Industries| The main central agency of the Government responsible for developing a strong and vibrant food processing sector; with a view to create increased job opportunities in rural areas, enable farmers to reap benefit from modern technology, create surplus for exports and stimulate demand for processed food| The Joint Secretary,   Telephone: Ph. : 011-26492476 Fax: 011-26493228 Email: [email  protected] in| 10.References: www. themilkweed. com

Essay on Sexual Addiction part 2Essay Writing Service

Essay on Sexual Addiction part 2Essay Writing Service Essay on Sexual Addiction part 2 Essay on Sexual Addiction part 2Essay on   Sexual Addiction part 1Thus, sexual addiction in men is manifested in an unusually high demand for conventional sexual intercourse. Sometimes sexual addiction turns into the urge for unusual forms of sex, and may interfere with physical and moral safety of others (Giugliano, 2003; Schaeffer, 2009). For example, it leads to violence, incest, homosexual relationships, compulsive masturbation, etc. In general, male addicts fear most to appear in ridiculous situation, look helpless and weak, and usually use sex to assert themselves.In turn, sexual addiction in women is most commonly expressed in promiscuity or sex with strangers. Addicted women most often need sex to get away from the real relationship. They get hooked on sex, escaping from loneliness, as well as to convince themselves that their women charms are still strong. Entering a new sexual relationship, sexually dependent women temporarily raise their self-esteem, substitute the sens e of spiritual emptiness with the sense of power and euphoria of sexual conquests, but in most cases they are left deprived of communication and tenderness (Giugliano, 2003; Schaeffer, 2009).At the same time, addiction always covers a burning desire to avoid the feeling of one’s own worthlessness. Observations also show that addicts are in fact driven by a thirst for intimacy and warmth, but they do not know how to achieve this.Thus, in-depth interviews conducted by Giugliano (2003, p. 278-84) showed that the most common representations of male sexual addicts of themselves are: 1) I am inherently a bad worthless person; 2) no one will love me as much as I do; 3) my needs will never be satisfied if I have to rely on others; 4) sexual satisfaction is my most important need. Female sexual addicts have similar beliefs: 1) I am powerless; 2) I will always be alone or will feel lonely; 3) I will always be abandoned; 4) my body is shameless (vicious), disgusting. These core beliefs, in turn, lead to behavioral norms that define the actions of sexual addicts. For example, the belief that â€Å"No one will love me as much as I do,† leads to the misconception that equates sex to love: Someone can love me, if one feels sexual excitement to me† or â€Å"If someone has sex with me it proves that I can be loved.† In turn, the core belief of a woman that she will always be abandoned generates the setting: â€Å"I will not be abandoned, if I learn to seduce.† In an effort to assert themselves or escape from grief and loneliness, they again enter into a sexual relationship to feel confident and achieve short-term enjoyment of life replacing the concept of love with the concept of sex.Typically, sexual addicts go through the following phases of sexual addiction (basing on reports by Young, 2008; Schaeffer, 2009; Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002):Preoccupation with thoughts on sexual subjects bearing obsessive nature. Constant return to these thou ghts leads to the situation when they occupy an increasing amount of time becoming a favorite topic of reflection. An addict gets some pleasure at this time, the mind begins to set differently, fantasizing about sex is becoming increasingly important. The perception of many things changes. Surrounding people start to be viewed through the prism of preoccupation of thinking and imagination with sexual topics. They are seen primarily as sexual objects. Other activities are considered as necessary but unpleasant, the ones that do not bring joy. This period may vary over time, it may not be accompanied by specific actions, but the emergence of certain preferences and thoughts on how to implement them and fixing them in the mind.Stage of behavior ritualization with the development of schemes that lead to sexual behavior (including thoughts and fantasies), in which one event follows another in sequence. Addiction involves sexual implementation and becomes a daily ritual for the implement of which a special time is reserved. Entry into the cycle of ritual behavior does not tolerate distractions from others. Ritualization of preoccupation with sex is more important than the specific implementation since it is associated with a changed psychological state of consciousness causing psychological relaxation. This process consumes a lot of time and energy. Gradual â€Å"inclusion† of activities related to the preparation to enter this state is possible. All this is often not seen by others as sexual addict seeks to preserve the image of normality in relation to the outside world, showing it the false self, trying to look like a man who does not have an addiction.Stage of compulsive sexual behavior with the phenomenon of loss of control inherent to other addictions. Having entered this phase, an addict cannot control one’s actions, leaving a â€Å"trail† behind, risking to reveal oneself, or inflict psychological or physical damage to oneself. The one i s powerless in preventing the behavior. It is difficult to stop. Control over the various types of sexual activity is lost. After the implementation of compulsive behavior, the understanding of the need to stop emerges bringing the unrealizable promises. This behavior is accompanied by a further intensification of the inferiority complex.Stage of disaster or despair, coming after the troubles caused by certain events, such as punishment or disease. The person feels absolute powerlessness, despair, and hatred to one’s own personality. During this period, negative feelings toward oneself are growing, provoking exacerbation of self-destructive instinct and the emergence of suicidal thoughts.In the end, the consequences of sexual addiction may be organism fraying, venereal and infectious diseases, depression arising due to the constant need to find a new sexual partner, which turns sexual addiction in a socially dangerous disease that requires prevention and treatment, despite th e fact that the sick person usually resists treatment not considering oneself pathologically dependent on sexual addiction.Coping with sexual addiction: therapy optionsIndeed, as Parker and Guest (2003) state, absolute majority of sexually addicted people are confident in their full normality. Therefore, the first and most important step to timely treatment is to convince the person in the presence of psychological problems. Unfortunately, in the majority of cases, only a strong shock like the loss of job, family, or serious health problems may cause the patient to understand how sick he or she was (Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002, p.144). Further, patients who faced the reality of their dependency often try to resolve the conflict immediately, â€Å"by force†. In such cases, their actions usually lead to an opposite reaction, and all efforts seem to be in vain. In order to understand how to get rid of sexual addiction, one must admit, above all, that positive progress cannot be reached through one’s individual effort only. As Young (2008) claims, this is the first and most difficult step on the road to recovery. Here, sex-addicts may start from finding Internet communities of people with similar dependence and life experiences. Such communication will help solve some of the problems and find a way out of a state of dependence. However, when a person reaches the solution to make a qualitative change in one’s own life, professional advice and psychological support are absolutely irreplaceable.It should be said here that addictive sexual behavior bears continuous and irresistible character, as soon as it becomes the only condition that decreases anxiety and fear (Matà ©, 2012; Schaeffer, 2009). Addictions are generally difficult to be corrected, but psychoanalytic treatment proves to at least drastically reduce the quantitative aspect. Therefore, one of the main tasks of psychotherapy is to teach a patient to change negative beliefs, generat ing negative neural excitation and let one know that it is possible to cope with anxiety and stress in some other ways, not only through sex, using different internal forces of the body (Parker Guest 2003; Young 2008). First of all, a dependent person must learn to socialize properly, because the ability to communicate inside real social environment helps to get rid of loneliness, successfully create new relationships or restore old ones. Therapy should also typically focused on the identification and treatment of comorbid psychiatric and personality disorders and related dependencies, such as alcohol and drug addictions.To achieve these goals, different programs and psychotherapeutic techniques are currently applied, including hypno-suggestive psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, cognitive techniques and dialectical behavioral therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and positive psychology, along with art and/or music therapy, intensive psycho-educational programs, gener al life style instruction and spiritual counseling (Parker Guest, 2003; Young, 2008; Giugliano, 2003). According to Young (2008, p. 32), the best results in the treatment of sex addiction are demonstrated by group therapy courses, especially if such groups involve people close to the patient. In particular, psychotherapists do not consider sexual addiction a sufficient ground for divorce and call friends and relatives to support the desire of the patient to undergo treatment. Participating in the family programs, family members get more information about the disease as such and their role in the process of treatment. Eventually, family members sometimes decide to begin the treatment themselves in order to solve their own dysfunctional behavior patterns and get rid of the pain (Parker Guest 2003; Young, 2008).In severe cases, psychiatrists sometimes prescribe medicines for the treatment of sexual addiction through controlling behavior, and those mainly include antidepressants, seda tives, and hormones of serotonin and progesterone (Parker Guest, 2003, p.19). It should be noted, however, that the impact of medicines is known to be very limited (Young, 2008, p. 33). To achieve considerable results, medication should be combined with psychological treatment as well as a set of measures to restore correct biorhythms. Thus, in addition to psychiatric examinations and tests on dependences, an important step of treatment is to conduct biochemical testing, the evaluation of lifestyle and nutrition, as well as the full medical examination. Based on the results of laboratory tests, a nutritionist can create a special nutrition program, complemented by the use of food additives. In addition to optimizing physical health, detoxication programs and optimal diet are also directed at restoring the biochemistry of patient’s brain and normalization of neurotransmitters that reduce cravings for compulsive sexual behavior (Young, 2008, p. 34-35, Matà ©, 2012, p. 61). Tr eatment may also include amino acid therapy and herbal medicine.Overall, it is quite easy to put an end to compulsive sexual behavior in the clinical setting. Meanwhile, after the discharge from treatment centers, a significant portion in patients often re-experience anxiety, depression, insomnia and/or craving for previously observed behavior patterns, and part of them experience absolute failure to adapt changes and return to â€Å"self-treatment† of stress (Parker Guest, 2003, p.15). Therefore, the next crucial step in coping with progressing lust should be the total displacement of obsessive feelings of patient’s life. This involves getting rid of all things related to sexual obsession: video with sexual content, computer games of erotic nature, erotic newspapers and magazines, setting filters that block sex web addresses and spam mail, as well as all other items that are related to sex or remind of it (Young, 2008, p.35). This advice not only helps to control sex ual addiction, but also relieves from the fear that these things will be detected by an outsider. Generally, as Parker and Guest (2003, p. 18) reasonably marks, coping with sexual addiction, patients face a vital necessity to rethink their habits, as soon as the latter may either lead to the dependence or be a part of it.On the way to finding internal control, sexually addicted individuals could also be advised to introduce training programs in the gym and outdoors into their daily regime, devote themselves to meditation and yoga lessons, and indulge in other techniques promoting relaxation, such as massage, acupuncture, hydrotherapy, and reflexology. Moreover, at the stage of rehabilitation, addicts may still be accompanied by a mentor or therapist, maintaining their patients in building new relationships with family, colleagues, friends and society, and adapt their lifestyle to the recovery program principles. Post-treatment support may last from several days to several years. At the same time, it is important to understand that unlike the treatment of drug and alcohol addiction, gambling and other heavy dependency, in this case, doctors do not require the patient completely â€Å"sing off† sexual life, and that’s a major point encouraging for healing success.ConclusionSexual addiction should be understood as a compulsive sexual behavior that is subconsciously used to achieve psychological comfort and pleasure, and is characterized by the loss of control over sexual impulses and continuous increase in their frequency, the emergence of the negative consequences of uncontrolled behavior and disregard of them, as well as withdrawal syndrome after prolonged abstinence. The presence of these signs should serve as an impetus for a person to find a solution to get rid of excessive sexual addiction.Just as in cases of other addictions, sexual addiction is always a way to escape from reality, from one own self and one’s own feelings. Individuals with this type of addiction show to experience numerous emotional difficulties: tendency to low mood, impulsivity, low self-esteem, feelings of guilt and shame, inner emptiness, a habit to hide their problems from the loved ones, inability to experience pleasure from other sources, and combination with other addictions. Despite the external search for physiological pleasure, addicts are in fact driven by a thirst for intimacy and internal warmth, but they do not know how to achieve this. Such people wants to be loved, but simply cannot create the model of relations, which would provide the normal and strong relationships with the opposite sex. The reasons for the development of pathology are often found in infantile trauma, causing the disorder of sexual structure of personality: for example, childhood rape, unsuccessful first sexual experience, parents’ sexual misconduct, wrong set of priorities they established, hyperstimulating sexualized relationship with father, demonstr ative exception of a child from parental love relationships, as well as general lack of love, care, and attention from parents.Meanwhile, sexual addiction should be viewed as a psychological and social problem that requires correction. Otherwise, the growing number of people becomes not only doomed to constant loneliness, but also experiences the sense of insecurity, shame, remorse, and depression. In addition, the risk to human health carried by a frequent change of sexual partners also needs to be considered.Being the disorder of the body, mind and spirit, sexual addiction should be treated through a multi-dimensional approach, involving psychological therapy, detoxication and relaxation programs, nutrition and lifestyle adjustment. Thus, therapeutic techniques may include hypno-suggestive psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, cognitive techniques and dialectical behavioral therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and positive psychology, art and music therapy, intensive p sycho-educational programs, general life style instruction and spiritual counseling, healthy dieting, physical training, massage, meditation and yoga courses. The main task of therapy lies in eliminating the root causes that led to the emergence of addiction, as well as teaching addicts to re-adapt to the social environment.